Bukatar tashar da manufofi suna haifar da ci gaban masana'antar Micro LED cikin sauri
Micro LED fasahar nuni ce mai ƙarfin hexagon. Fiye da kashi 80% na bayanan ɗan adam ana samun su ta idanu, kuma buƙatun ɗan adam na ingancin hoton nuni da siffa suna haifar da ci gaba da haɓaka da sake fasalin fasahar nuni. Fasahar nunin launi ta fuskanci fasahohin sauyawa kamar CRT tun lokacin da aka haɓaka ta, kuma a halin yanzu fasahar LCD da OLED ce ke mamaye ta. Dangane da aiki, Micro LED a matsayin fasahar nuni ta zamani, idan aka kwatanta da babban samar da fasahar LCD (nuni na lu'ulu'u) da fasahar OLED (nuni na diode mai fitar da haske na halitta), Micro LED yana da fa'idar aiki mai kyau a kusan kowace fasaha: Tsawon rai, babban bambanci, zai iya cimma babban ƙuduri, amsawa da sauri, faɗaɗa kallo Tasirin kusurwa, launi mai kyau, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafita mafi kyau ta fasahar nuni.
Da farko, haɓaka farashi da aiki na masana'antar Micro LED yana ci gaba da haɓaka
Micro LED sabuwar fasahar rage hasken LED ce da kuma fasahar matrix, wadda ke nufin haɗakar wani babban tsari na LED mai girman girma a kan guntu. Fasahar tana cimma hasken kai tsaye ta hanyar rage hasken LED zuwa matakin ƙasa da microns 50, wanda ya fi ƙasa da na gargajiya sau 100 kuma yana rage girman pixel daga milimita zuwa micron. Saboda haka, Micro LED ainihin LED ne mai matakin micron, kuma diode mai fitar da hasken LED na'urar semiconductor ce mai ƙarfi wadda za ta iya canza makamashin lantarki zuwa haske da ake iya gani.
Dangane da farashi, takardar sapphire epitaxial mai inci 4, wacce aka yanka ta zuwa kwakwalwan LED na yau da kullun kimanin 60,000, an yanka ta zuwa Ƙaramin LED Kwamfutoci kimanin 600,000, an rage ƙananan kwamfutocin LED a cikin fiye da miliyan 2.4. Wafer iri ɗaya, adadin Micro LED ya ƙaru sosai, kuma farashin guntu ɗaya ya yi ƙasa, wanda kuma shine ɗayan dalilan haɓaka yuwuwar Micro LED daga mahangar farashi.
Dangane da aiki, idan aka kwatanta da fasahar LCD da fasahar OLED da aka samar da yawa, Micro LED yana da fa'idodi masu kyau a kusan kowace fasaha, kamar tsawon rai, babban bambanci, babban ƙuduri, amsawa mai sauri, faffadan kallo Tasirin kusurwa, launi mai kyau, haske mai yawa da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki. Daga cikinsu, (1) siriri da haske: girman Micro LED yana da kusan 1/100 na LED na gargajiya, ko kuma kusan 1/10 na faɗin gashin ɗan adam; (2) Ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki: Micro LED yana amfani da tsarin haske mai haske guda uku na farko, tsarin nunin LCD yana buƙatar amfani da hasken baya don polarizer sannan don yin launi, tsarin nuni yana da asarar kuzari mai yawa, idan aka kwatanta da su biyun, a cikin aikace-aikacen nuni na Micro LED yana da kusan 10% na amfani da wutar lantarki na LCD. Micro LED yana amfani da kayan da ba na halitta ba don fitar da haske, wanda ke da ingantaccen haske, kuma OLED yana amfani da kayan halitta don fitar da haske, kuma yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na duka biyun ya fi ƙasa da na OLED. Saboda haka, a cikin nunin hoto ɗaya, ƙarfin amfani da Micro LED ya yi ƙasa da OLED, kuma ya yi ƙasa da LCD sosai; (3) Haske mai yawa: Micro LED yana amfani da kayan gallium nitride (GaN) marasa tsari a cikin ɓangaren haske, kuma haskensa na iya kaiwa 105cd/m2 a ka'ida, ya fi 3,000cd/m2 na LCD da 1,500cd/m2 na OLED, kuma tsawon rayuwar kayan marasa tsari ya fi tsayi; (4) Babban ƙuduri: a ƙarƙashin fasahar nunin Micro LED, kowane Micro LED pixel ne wanda zai iya haskaka kansa, kuma Micro LED ɗaya yana matakin micron, don haka zai iya cimma babban ƙuduri. Yawan pixel na nunin Micro LED na iya zama fiye da 1,500PPI, yayin da LCD da OLED allon PPI kusan 800PPI da 400PPI ne.
A taƙaice, farashi da aiki za su haɓaka ci gaba da haɓaka masana'antar Micro LED.
Na biyu, yanayin aikace-aikacen Micro LED
Micro LED ita ce fasahar nuni ta ƙarshe a nan gaba. Idan ba ku yi la'akari da farashi da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ba, kawai ku duba aikin da bayanan nuni, Micro LED babu shakka ita ce babbar fasahar nuni, Micro LED duk alamun aiki sun fi sauran fasahar nuni kyau. Dangane da yanayin aikace-aikace, Micro LED ya dace da duk girman aikace-aikacen samfura. Daga mahangar yuwuwar fasaha da yuwuwar tattalin arziki, Micro LED zai zama na farko da za a yi amfani da shi ga ƙananan nunin faifai ƙasa da inci 3 da manyan nunin faifai sama da inci 100.
Dangane da ƙananan girman allo a ƙasa da inci 3, Micro LED zai lalata kasuwar OLED. Ƙaramin nuni saboda nisan kallo yana da kusanci sosai, buƙatun tasirin nuni suna da yawa, kuma ƙaramin nuni ya zama ruwan dare a tashoshin wayar hannu, kuma yana da manyan buƙatu don amfani da wutar lantarki. Saboda haka, OLED ya zama babbar fasaha don ƙaramin nuni tare da fa'idodin ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki da kyakkyawan tasirin nuni, amma rabon kasuwa na OLED a wannan fanni zai lalace ta hanyar Micro LED a nan gaba. A gefe guda, Micro LED ya fi OLED kyau a duk alamun aikin nuni kamar tasirin nuni da amfani da wutar lantarki; A gefe guda kuma, saboda ƙaramin girman allo da ƙaramin adadin pixels, farashin Micro LED shi ma ana iya sarrafa shi. Daga mahangar fasaha ta yanzu, Micro LED ya sami damar cimma ƙarancin guntu, amma har yanzu akwai wasu matsaloli a cikin babban canja wurin, yawan amfanin yana da iyaka, a halin yanzu, kamfanoni daban-daban suna binciken hanyoyin inganta fasaha bisa ga farashin da za a iya sarrafawa.
Dangane da nunin inci 3-99, Micro LED yana da wuya a rage kasuwar LCD da OLED cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Saboda nisan kallon kusa, nunin yana da buƙatu mafi girma don girman guntu da kuma girmansa, yayin da girman allo ke ƙaruwa kuma jimlar pixels suma suna ƙaruwa, don haka Micro LED da aka yi amfani da shi a allon inci 3-99 ya ƙara wahalar fasaha da farashin aikin sosai, kuma fasahar Micro LED a cikin wannan kewayon tana buƙatar ingantawa. Kuma mafi mahimmanci shine cewa wannan yanki na girman, ko ƙaramin girman OLED da babban girman LCD, fa'idodin farashinsa ba za su girgiza ba. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba da rage farashin Micro LED da ci gaba da haɓaka fasaha, gibin da ke tsakanin farashi da wahalar aiwatarwa na Micro LED da LCD da OLED zai ƙara raguwa.
Dangane da manyan nunin faifai sama da inci 100, Micro LED yana da fa'ida. A kasuwar nunin faifai sama da inci 100, LCD zai kasance yana da iyaka saboda yawan samarwa da ingancin yanke manyan bangarori, kuma OLED ma yana da wuya a cimma raguwar farashi saboda tsarin fitar da iska bayan babban girma da ƙarancin yawan amfani, don haka a baya, tasirin nunin faifai shine mafi yawan na'urori masu nuna haske kuma allon haɗin LCD suna mamaye matsayi mafi girma a kasuwar nunin faifai sama da inci 100. Duk da haka, tare da raguwar farashin Micro LED, zai hanzarta maye gurbin kayayyakin nuni na gargajiya kamar na'urori masu nuna haske da na'urorin haɗin LCD tare da fa'idodi da yawa kamar haɗa cikakken allo, launi mai kyau da haske mai yawa.
Girman kasuwar masana'antar Micro LED guda uku
A halin yanzu, an samar da ƙananan kwakwalwan LED a wuraren nuni kamar gilashi da TVS, amma yawancin kayayyaki har yanzu suna cikin matakin tunani saboda ƙayyadadden farashi kuma har yanzu ba su cimma babban ci gaba a kasuwa ba. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba da balaga a hankali na fasahar Micro LED, farashin kasuwanci da masana'antu ya ragu sosai, kuma an ƙara inganta yawan amfanin guntu, ana sa ran Micro LED zai jagoranci aikace-aikacen manyan girma da ƙananan yanayi na nuni. Daga mahangar jigilar kaya, bisa ga bayanan hasashen Omdia, wanda agogon hannu da buƙatun kasuwar TV masu tsada suka shafa, jigilar kayan nuni na Micro LED na duniya za su tashi daga matakin da ba shi da yawa a cikin 2020 zuwa sama da guda miliyan 16 a cikin 2027, kuma yuwuwar buƙatar kasuwa tana da yawa. Daga girman kasuwa, a cewar hasashen Jibang Consulting, a cikin yanayin aikace-aikacen micro-display, ana sa ran cewa a cikin 2026, ƙimar fitarwa na guntu na gilashin Micro LED AR ya kai dala miliyan 41; A cikin yanayin nunin mai girman girma, ƙimar fitarwa na manyan guntu-guntun nuni na Micro LED zai kai dala miliyan 54 a shekarar 2022, kuma ana sa ran zai karu zuwa dala biliyan 4.5 a shekarar 2026, tare da adadin ci gaban shekara-shekara na kashi 204%, kuma akwai sarari mai yawa don ci gaban kasuwa.
Na huɗu, buƙatu da manufofi na ƙarshe suna haifar da ci gaban masana'antar cikin sauri
(1) Canje-canje a cikin buƙatar ƙarshe sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban masana'antar
Tun daga shekarar 2009, masana'antar guntu ta LED ta fuskanci zagaye uku, duk saboda sabbin buƙatun samfuran LED. Mataki na farko shine kafin 2013, talabijin mai faɗi da hasken baya na wayar hannu a matsayin babban buƙatar LED don haɓaka masana'antar LED, mataki na biyu shine daga 2013 zuwa 2014, 2013, Tarayyar Turai ta haramta fitilun fararen fata gaba ɗaya, buƙatar hasken ƙwararru na LED da ƙaruwar hasken ƙasa, fitar da LED na bakin teku yana ƙaruwa don haɓaka masana'antar LED; Mataki na uku shine daga 2015 zuwa 2020, saurin haɓaka ƙananan LED masu ƙarfi, adadi mai yawa na LCD da DLP da aka maye gurbinsu, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a cibiyoyin gwamnati, tsaro, maganin cututtuka, kasuwanci, tafiye-tafiyen dare da sauran fannoni, wanda hakan ke haifar da ci gaban masana'antar; Mataki na huɗu shine bayan 2020, buƙatar masana'antar nunin LED don nuni mai girma da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ya ƙara yawan shigar Micro LED a hankali. A matsayin babbar fasahar nuni, tare da rage farashi da ci gaban fasaha, Micro LED zai hanzarta tsarin masana'antu na Micro LED tare da ingantaccen aiki kamar tsawon rai, babban bambanci, babban ƙuduri, launi mai kyau, haske mai yawa da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma ana sa ran zai sake tura masana'antar don shiga cikin zagayowar ƙaruwa.
(2) Ƙarfin goyon baya daga manufofin ƙasa zai haifar da ci gaban masana'antar
A matsayinta na sabuwar fasahar nuni ta zamani, Micro LED ta jawo hankali sosai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, jihar ta fitar da manufofi da dama masu tallafawa, kamar "Shirin Shekaru Biyar na 14" a shekarar 2021, wanda ya bayyana a sarari cewa semiconductor na ƙarni na uku muhimmin abu ne, kuma aikin ya shafi manyan fasahohi kamar sabbin motocin makamashi, manyan bayanai, sadarwa ta 5G, da kuma nunin Micro LED. Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai da sauran sassa biyar sun fitar da "Shirin Haɗakar ... Fitowar da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idoji da ke sama ya nuna kyakkyawan hali da kuma ƙudurin da gwamnatin China ta ɗauka na haɓaka masana'antar Micro LED, wanda ke samar da yanayi mafi kyau na ci gaba don ci gaban masana'antar Micro LED. Ana sa ran Micro LED za ta amfana daga tallafin manufofin gwamnati da kuma samar da ci gaba cikin sauri.
Na biyar, ci gaban masana'antar Micro LED
(1) Matsayin ci gaban masana'antu
Tsarin kera Micro LED yayi kama da matakan fasaha na gargajiya, galibi sun haɗa da haɓakar wafer na LED epitaxial, samar da guntu na Micro LED, samar da direban baya (direban TFT ko direban Micro IC), babban canja wuri na sassa huɗu. Da farko, ƙirar tsarin LED siriri ne, Micro, array, sannan Micro LED ana canja shi zuwa allon da'ira ta amfani da adadi mai yawa na fasaha, substrate ɗin na iya zama mai tauri, mai laushi, mai haske; Ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ajiya na zahiri don kammala layin kariya da babban lantarki, ana iya shirya babban substrate kuma ana iya kammala nunin Micro LED mai sauƙi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin guntu, fasahar kera Micro LED ta gabatar da sabbin alamun fasaha da buƙatu ga kowace hanyar haɗin sarkar masana'antu da ke akwai, gami da buƙatun bincike da haɓaka manyan fasahohi a fannoni daban-daban kamar kayan aiki, tsari, da kayan aiki, kuma ba za a iya haɓaka fasahar kowace hanyar haɗin masana'antu da kanta ba, tsarin fasaha ne mai rikitarwa. Ya zama dole a yi aiki tare da sama da ƙasa na sarkar masana'antu kamar bangarori, guntu, manyan canja wuri da ics na direba. A halin yanzu, manyan fasahohi guda huɗu na kera chip, manyan canja wuri, cikakken launi, da kuma na'urar nuna allo har yanzu suna buƙatar a fayyace su.
(2) Bayani kan sabbin fasahohin duniya
Daga hangen tarihin ci gaban Micro LED, farfesoshi biyu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Texas sun jagoranci gabatar da manufar Micro LED a shekarar 2000, kuma yanzu ta shiga wani babban lokaci na kirkire-kirkire na fasaha a duniya. Tun daga shekarar 2017, ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na fasahar Micro LED sun karu sosai, kuma a halin yanzu tana cikin lokacin ci gaba mai girma. A halin yanzu, Micro LED tana da ajiyar haƙƙin mallaka na duniya sama da 40,000, wanda sama da 13,000 haƙƙin mallaka ne masu inganci, kuma jimlar rabon jarrabawa da inganci ya kusa da 80%, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar shingayen haƙƙin mallaka a wannan fanni; Daga hangen nesa na fannin kirkire-kirkire na fasahar Micro LED masu aiki, yankin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha mafi aiki yana cikin China, Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu, kuma yankin da aka tsara haƙƙin mallaka ya nuna cewa kasuwar da ta fi aiki tana cikin China da Amurka. Daga hangen nesa na manyan ƙungiyoyin kirkire-kirkire a duniya da China, manyan ƙungiyoyin kirkire-kirkire na duniya a China, Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka suna da ƙarin fa'idodi, galibi a cikin allon nuni da kamfanonin daukar hoto. Daga cikin manyan kamfanoni 15 na duniya, kamfanonin kasar Sin sun kai fiye da rabi, BOE, Huaxing Optoelectronics sun shiga cikin manyan kamfanoni 5 na duniya; Baya ga manyan kamfanoni na kasar Sin, tsarin mallakar fasaha na Samsung da LG na Koriya ta Kudu suna kan gaba a duniya. Daga sakamakon rarrabawa na adadin mallakar fasaha ta hanyar nau'in cibiyoyin bincike da ci gaba, kamfanoni masu tasowa su ne mafi girma, wanda ya kai kashi 29%. Daga mahangar nau'ikan mallakar fasaha, adadin mallakar fasaha yana rarrabawa ne a kan manyan fasahohi guda hudu na tsarin epitaxy da guntu, babban canja wuri, cikakken launi, da kuma direban nuni.
(3) Ci gaban manyan fasahohi guda huɗu
Kera Epitaxy da Chip: Tsarin kera Micro LED daga wafer zuwa chip yana buƙatar bin matakai kamar epitaxy - etching mataki - shirya Layer conductive - shirya electrode. A cikin jagorancin fasahar tsarin epitaxy & chip, ga ƙaramin Micro LED, masana'antar yanzu tana da mahimmanci game da daidaiton tsawon rai, ƙarancin lahani na epitaxy da matsalolin ingancin quantum: (1) Bayan an rage girman guntu, akwai manyan buƙatu don daidaiton tsawon rai na epitaxy da ƙarancin ƙimar lahani, LED na gargajiya yana buƙatar 6-12nm, ana buƙatar rage guntu na Micro LED zuwa 2nm; (2) Girman guntu yana ƙaruwa da raguwa, kuma yawan yankan guntu yana raguwa; (3) Ingancin Micro LED zai ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan yanzu, kuma yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar yawan yanzu bayan isa ƙimar kololuwa. Yayin da girman Micro LED ke raguwa, ingancin kololuwa yana komawa zuwa ga babban yawan yanzu, kuma ingancin kololuwa yana ci gaba da raguwa.
Babban canja wuri: Saboda bambancin da ke cikin tsarin girma na layin haske na Micro LED da substrate na direba, yana da wuya a haɗa jerin nuni da na'urar direba ta hanyar tsarin girma, don haka ya zama dole a canja wurin ƙwayoyin Micro LED da aka yi zuwa allon da'irar drive, wanda babban tsari ne na canja wuri. Idan aka ɗauki TV na 4K a matsayin misali, ƙwayoyin da ake buƙatar canja wurin suna da girman har zuwa miliyan 24 (an ƙididdige su a launuka uku na 4,000 x 2,000 x RGB), koda kuwa canja wurin 10,000 ne, yana buƙatar a maimaita shi sau 2,400, don haka babban canja wurin yana fuskantar manyan matsaloli guda uku: (1) daidaiton canja wuri: Dole ne a sarrafa daidaiton motsa Micro LED zuwa allon da'irar drive cikin ±0.5μm, kuma na'urar canja wurin dole ne ta sami daidaiton daidaitawa mai girma da daidaiton maki na faɗuwa. (2) Ingancin canja wuri: LED na gargajiya guda 2/daƙiƙa, Micro LED yana buƙatar guda 20,000/daƙiƙa; (3) Yawan Canja wurin: Kayayyakin nuni don jure kuskuren pixels suna da ƙasa sosai, idan kuna son ƙirƙirar ƙasa da pixels 5 na cikakken launi na nunin 1920*1080, yawan canja wurin dole ne ya kai 99.9999%.
Babban fasahar canja wurin ya ƙunshi ƙarfin ƙwayoyin halitta (canja wurin hatimi), electrostatic, magnetic transfer, laser transfer, self-assemble (fasahar haɗa ruwa) da sauransu. Babban transfer na laser zai iya sarrafa girman ƙaramin amsawa mai sauri, ingantaccen canja wurin, kuma yana da babban matakin zaɓi, transfer na laser ko kuma zai zama babbar fasahar canja wurin babban canja wuri. A halin yanzu, fasahar canja wurin babban canja wuri ta cikin gida da kayan aiki sun ci gaba, masana'antun manyan laser (002008), manyan masu fasaha (300450), Haimu star laser da sauran manyan kayan aikin canja wurin an yi nasarar aika su, an kai su ga abokan ciniki, amma kayan aikin laser na cikin gida daga manyan samar da kayayyaki har yanzu suna da nisa.
Nunin cikakken launi: Micro LED don cimma monochrome abu ne mai sauƙi, amma don cimma cikakken launi yana da rikitarwa, launuka uku na RGB suna buƙatar canja wurin ja, kore da shuɗi masu launuka uku. A matsayin babban ma'aunin fasaha na fasahar Micro LED, binciken fasahar cikakken launi na Micro LED ya zama babban abin bincike da wahala a cikin haɓaka fasahar Micro LED. Hanyoyin aiwatar da launi na Micro LED galibi sun haɗa da hanyar RGB mai launuka uku na LED, hanyar matsakaici ta UV blue LED+ luminescent da hanyar haɗa ruwan tabarau, duk waɗannan suna da ƙarancin da suka dace. Idan aka kwatanta, dangane da kwararar tsari da kayan aiki, hanyar matsakaici ta UV blue LED+ haske mai fitar da haske ta fi sauƙi fiye da sauran tsare-tsare, galibi tana amfani da shuɗi LED don maye gurbin farantin hasken baya, ta amfani da fim ɗin dot na quantum ko phosphorus azaman hanyar fitar da haske don maye gurbin matatun RGB, don kammala nunin cikakken launi.
Direban Nuni: Tsarin ƙirar direba mai aiki wanda CMOS da TFT suka wakilta ya zama babban abin da ake amfani da shi wajen haɓaka fasahar Micro LED. Micro LED na'urar fitar da haske ce mai tuƙi, kuma yanayin tuƙinsa gabaɗaya an raba shi zuwa PM (Passive Matrix) passive drive da AM (Active Matrix) active drive. Saboda passive drive: (1) ba ya dacewa da samar da babban yanki, ba zai iya biyan buƙatun babban allo drive ba; (2) Halayen tuƙin duba shafi, sauƙin samar da hasken pixel na shafi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin hoton nuni da ƙuduri; (3) Pitch ɗin pixel yana raguwa a hankali, yanayin tuƙi mai aiki na allon PCB na gargajiya ba zai iya biyan buƙatar tuƙi ba, kuma yana da rashin amfani da yawa a cikin aikace-aikacen Micro LED, saboda haka, tsarin ƙirar tuƙi mai aiki wanda CMOS da TFT suka wakilta zai zama aboki mai kyau don haɓaka fasahar Micro LED. Misali, a cikin fasahar tuƙi ta CMOS, don karya fasahar haɗa canja wuri, masana'antar yanzu ta mai da hankali kan bincika fasahar haɗa Micro LED da da'irar tuƙi ta CMOS.
